Review of the implications of oil dispersants on the environment, aquatic and human health

Abstract

Introduction: Oil spills pose a significant threat to ecosystems and human health. In Ecuador, multiple incidents have demonstrated the environmental and social consequences of these events, such as the recent spill in the Esmeraldas River in 2025, where chemical dispersants were used to contain the pollution. This study aimed to critically review the recent scientific literature on the types of dispersants used in oil spills, their mechanisms of action, and environmental and health effects.
Methodology: A qualitative methodology was applied through a bibliographic review of scientific and technical sources (2010-2025), prioritizing studies in tropical contexts or similar to Ecuador's. Research on the toxicity of dispersants, effects on aquatic organisms and humans, and their practical application in spills is included. 
Results: Seven dispersants were identified: Corexit 9500, Finasol OSR 52, Superdispersant-25, Dasic Slickgone NS, F-50, SEACARE CITRUS, and HD 865 Plus. While some, such as SEACARE CITRUS and HD 865 Plus, are biodegradable and exhibit lower toxicity, others, such as Corexit 9500, have raised concerns about their adverse effects on marine fauna and exposed workers. Overall, the evidence shows that, although these compounds facilitate crude oil biodegradation, they can also affect the resilience of aquatic ecosystems and pose subclinical risks to humans.
Conclusions: It is urgent to conduct more research in Latin American contexts to assess the long-term risks of chemical dispersants. This information is key to guiding responsible decisions in environmental management and public health in the event of future spills.